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Snowflake Schema

Need to create a snowflake schema for an information management project and want an overview of key design considerations?

What is a data mart?

Data marts are a critical part of data warehouse design. They are created to store data required for analysis by specific departments e.g. manufacturing department, sales department or inventory control.

Data is extracted from the warehouse and transformed into facts and dimensions within a data mart, which is then queried using client tools or business intelligence reporting tools.

What is a star schema dimension design?

A star dimension is a de-normalized structure, which means that redundant data is stored in the dimension table to help with query performance.

Sample Star DesignStar Schema

In the sample above, the description North America is repeated every time that region code 10 occurs e.g.

Sales Territory ID Region Code Region Description
1 10 North America
2 10 North America
3 20 South America

A query for North America will return all rows that contain North America for all facts associated with region code 10.

What is a snowflake?

A snowflake dimension is a normalized structure, which means that redundant data is not stored in the dimension table, but is stored in the snowflake to help with performance e.g.

Sample Snowflake

Snowflake design can be used to:
  • Reduce dimension data storage requirements, however, since dimensions have very low volumes of data, this is not really an important consideration; and
  • Improve reporting performance for some business intelligence query tools, which prefer snowflake designs.
Summary...

A snowflake design is sometimes used to improve performance and should be considered if required by specific business intelligence reporting tools.


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